In spite of the fact that majority of Muslims, relying on religious and rational evidences, have a negative outlook toward HADITH falsification and attributing false words and deeds to the Infallible Imams, peace be upon them, however their HADITH sources show that they did not regard it seriously.The author of the present paper classifies the HADITH forgers into two groups, one group are those who forge HADITH with worldly purposes and the second group are those who do this with religious purposes and investigates their evidences.He also explains about some concepts concerning the phenomenon of forging HADITH such as: definition of FORGED HADITH; religious judgment on forging HADITH; evidences of those who are in favor of forging HADITH including good intention, guiding people, and administering justice.

Evaluating weak and FORGED HADITHs is one of the issues vastly discussed by HADITH scholars. The present paper introduces one of the works written by the Sunni scholars in this regard and compares it with some other books while analyzing them.

Allama Amini was among outstanding, diligent Shiite scholars of 14th Hijri century whose efforts on the inquiry into Ghadir event wereunparalleled. There are a lot of notable points in his al-Ghadir fi'l Kitab wa'l Sunna wal 'Adab on the defense of "Shiite HADITH" and rejection of accusation of privilege of FORGED HADITHs in Shiite books-a part whose writing was motivated by reaction to the accusation made by some Sunni scholars that FORGED HADITHs are abundant in Shiite works.Allama narrates names of over seven hundred Sunni liars and HADITH forgers and mentions some samples of their FORGED HADITHs on the praise for or vilification of leaders of their four-fold sects on the one hand and reveals their prejudicial consideration of Shiite Imamson the other. He surveys the chain of transmission and text of 145 HADITHs in order to reveal some efforts of them in order to conceal Imam Ali's virtues on the one hand and forge some virtues for the three-fold caliphs and some other companions on the other.

Coming to the era of information and communication technology, communities have faced with many challenges. Concurrent with the development of tools and techniques of social life, we have faced with the significant developments in the field of committing crimes. Today we are facing with new forms of crimes of gorging in cyber space that are committed by professional offenders by using technical solutions and a lot of scientific and practical skills are needed to combat with them. Electronic forgery at first was proposed under the Article 68 of EC law in 1382 and subsequently with the approval of the Article 6 of the computer crimes in 1388 it was annexed to the Islamic Penal Code as one of the offenses of technical crimes. This crime in the field of information and communication technology (ICT) can be achieved by using technological methods and hence the accuracy and data integrity of the massage as a fundamental pillar of the information society will be undermined. This issue will easily shake the public peace and trust to the social foundations. This article attempts to explain and identify the nature of this crime compared with the traditional fabrication and expressing the features and qualities of technical methods that criminals can commit as the operation of crime of forging in the cyber space and being familiar with it will help the legal community in analyzing the practical and technical forms of committing this crime.

Along with the rapid development of information and communication technologies, a wide variety of data and electronic documents has been the subject of forgery and distortion. In order to criminalizing of Cyber forgery, Article 6 of the Cyber Crimes Law established "attributable data" as subject of Cyber forgery. Unlike traditional forgery, which the legislator determines writing, handwriting, document, signature, seal and stamped, as the subjects of crime But, the type and characteristics of data in cyber forgery has not been determined in Article 6. This deficiency has created ambiguities in practice. The massive volume and variety of data, on the one hand, and the ambiguity of the concept of "attributable data", on the other, make it difficult to determine whether the data is subject to crime of cyber forgery. In this article, we have tried to explain the characteristics of FORGED cyber documents and clarify ambiguities in this regard.

According to historical documents and consensus of Islamic scholars, FORGED HADITH is an old phenomenon of Islamic HADITH heritage which dates back to the early Islam.This phenomenon can be viewed from different perspectives such as: time of forging HADITH, initiators of forging HADITH, causes of forging HADITH, forgers of HADITH, and so forth, but the author of this paper views only one of these aspects viz. methods of forging HADITH The author in this article tries to show the method used by the forgers and how they made up HADITHs.Sources used by the forgers of HADITH and the contents of FORGED HADITH are other issues discussed in this article.

the issue of forgery is of great importance in studying the authenticity of artistic and historical objects in the field of cultural artifacts. Ceramic, has been one of the most important human achievements that has subjected to various forms of forgery throughout history. Determining the authenticity of ceramic works requires understanding the multi-faceted nature of the material composition, construction methods, and decoration of the objects, as well as recognizing different types of forgery. Evaluating forgery in ceramic objects requires an assessment of the artistic-historical and aesthetic aspects of the crafted object, the authenticity of the manufacturing technology and production component, and the authenticity of subsequent interventions and additions. Therefore, determining authenticity in the face of forgery requires a specialized perspective and approach towards suspicious objects. This article aims to explore the various types of forgery in ceramics and examine the typology and methods of forgery in historical and cultural ceramics of Iran. The results, regardless of the historical context of forgery, indicate the development of forgery in ceramic objects during recent centuries and its presence in the antique market and the conservation of historical artifacts.

1. Introduction: Authentication of the sources of poems from pioneering poets is of utmost importance due to the partial loss of cultural identity over time. Among these sources, dictionaries have always played a vital role in retrieving the scattered poems and verses of these poets, especially Rudaki Samarqandi. One of these dictionaries is the Persian-to-Persian dictionary of Ajayeb al-Loqha (written around the middle of the tenth century) by Adibi. He has attributed some verses to Rudaki, of which, two verses and two stanzas does not seem to be in any other dictionaries such as Farsi dictionary, Sehah al-Fors, Qawas dictionary, etc., which are probably the sources used by the author. Since the editor of this dictionary has not previously studied these verses in detail in his correction or a separate article, and also because this work has not been published in any of the editions of Rudaki's Divan, including Nafisi, Mirzayev, Sheaar, Emami, Hadizadeh, Qader Rostam and was not one of the sources of the correctors, it was necessary to study these verses that are seen with a new appearance in the dictionary. In the present study, these four verses are explored following the principles of text correction and stylistic criteria....

Replication or attributing something to someone other than the real authority, has long been employed in the history of HADITH. It seems that some of the recorded propositions in HADITH sources are replicated ones. However any research in the field of theology, religion, and HADITH including challenging issues such as Jihad, assassination, torture, etc relies on the available propositions and HADITHs which are suffering from this defect. In order to reach Islam’s original point of view on any issue from that of the Muslims, it is necessary to identify replicated HADITH from the genuine ones. Hence, this paper studies the history of replication, examines the reasons for such a process, and provides some strategies to differentiate between the genuine and the FORGED HADITHs. Consequently, five motives have been identified and four strategies introduced for distinguishing the genius from the FORGED.

The tradition of “’Iʻrifū Allāh bi Allāh” is a difficult (mushkil) HADITH that has been considered by philosophers, mystics, and HADITH scholars. Some tried to draw the meaning and impact of this narration in the system of Islamic knowledge by using sanad criticisms, while some by explaining and interpreting HADITH with different approaches. Accepting the apparent meaning of this HADITH requires circle and chain, and as it appears from logical and philosophical findings, circle and chain are vicious and invalid. Therefore, this HADITH is a difficult one. This study, using the library method of collecting data, extracting the narrative, and presenting it to other texts, concludes that the existence of the difference between the versions of Kulainī and Sadūq of Mahāsin, with the existing version of Mahāsin al-Barqī and the changes occurred in the sanads, shows the complexity of the sanad. It shows also the ambiguity of the content and makes scholars provide a solution to solve the content and sanad problems of this HADITH. Unlike similar studies, this research does not explain the opinions of philosophers and mystics but tries to provide a solution from the perspective of HADITH knowledge. Traditionists present six meanings of the HADITH to reduce its difficulty. However, looking at the concept of HADITH through traditions of the same family and the same topic and presenting the text of the HADITH to other HADITHs, are a key to better understanding the HADITH, and the criticism and review of the views raised in the explanation of this narration. Presenting and preferring the theory of negative and retributive theology and knowing God according to the negation of attributes, is one of the other achievements of this study, with the approach of explaining HADITHs by other HADITHs.